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The Global Wild Cat
Conservation Organization
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Lion
The lion is synonymous with wild Africa. Yet few realize the species has undergone catastrophic declines, from as many as 200,000 wild lions in Africa a century ago to about 20,000 today.
The State of the Lion
Lions have undergone a catastrophic decline and are on the brink of extinction in all but the largest and best managed national parks.

Just over a century ago, there were more than 200,000 wild lions living in Africa. Today, there are only about 20,000; lions are extinct in 26 African countries and have vanished from over 95 percent of their historic range. Though lions still exist in 28 African countries and one Asian country, only six countries are known to each contain more than 1,000 lions.

Lions are currently listed as "Vulnerable" on the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. In West Africa, the species is now classified as "Critically Endangered.

The species is threatened by the illegal bushmeat trade, habitat loss and fragmentation, unsustainable trophy hunting, and conflict with local people due to the real or perceived threat lions pose to livestock.

Download our Lion Fact Sheet to learn more about the lion.

Download our report: Beyond Cecil: Africa's Lions in Crisis which can also be downloaded in Swahili.
“Protected areas are at the heart of the formula to save Africa’s lions, and to ensure the species lives on, lions and their wild landscapes require nothing short of a wealthy and immediate investment from the global community," - Dr. Paul Funston, Southern Africa Regional Director.
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Primary Threat
Human-Lion Conflict
Across the vast continent of Africa, lions have been extirpated from over 90% of their historic range.

As Africa’s human population increases and lion habitat is converted for their use, lions and humans come in increasingly closer contact. Livestock replaces the lion’s natural prey, fueling human-lion conflict in which lions are killed in response to the real and perceived threat they pose to human lives and livelihoods.
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//www.panthera.org/cms/sites/default/files/audio/dynamic/threat/human_conflict_threat
All Threats
Threats Facing the Lion
Many areas set aside to protect lions and other wildlife are now occupied by people, and even well-protected parks have human populations living on their boundaries; these areas are where human-lion conflict, and lion population decline, is at its greatest.

As Africa’s human population grows and land is converted for agricultural and other developments, lion habitat is fragmented and lost. Their populations are increasingly confined to isolated islands of land, decreasing the species’ genetic diversity and increasing the lion’s risk of extinction.

The conversion of the lion’s wild habitat additionally forces lions and people into closer contact. Livestock begins to replace the lion’s natural prey, fueling human-lion conflict in which lions are killed using poison, guns, snares, and other methods, in retaliation or because of their perceived threat to human livelihood.

Rampant bushmeat poaching by local people exacerbates this conflict by depleting lions’ natural prey. In a vicious cycle, lions drawn to the calls of prey snared by poachers often become ensnared themselves, succumbing either to starvation or their fatal wounds. 

Additionally, trophy hunting in nine African countries and the illegal hunting of lions for their body parts used in local and international, primarily Asian, traditional medicines are further contributing to lion population declines.  
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Cat Facts
Lion
Panthera leo
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IUCN Red List Status
Left in the Wild
Approximately 20,000
Range
28 African countries and 1 Asian country
Subspecies
2
Life span
On average females live 14-16 years; males live 12-13 years on average
Size
Head and body: 158-250 cm; 62-98 in Tail: 60-100 cm; 23-39 in
Weight
110-235 kg; 242-517 lbs
Diet
Primarily locally abundant medium-to-large herbivores (e.g., wildebeest, zebra, kudu, buffalo)
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15 African countries
Lion
Increase Africa’s lions to a minimum of 30,000
Project Leonardo
Through Project Leonardo, Panthera aims to bring lion populations back to a minimum of 30,000 individuals by protecting and connecting core lion populations throughout the species’ range in Africa, with a particular focus on large national parks. By collaborating with statutory authorities, local governments and communities, and NGOs, Panthera is working to address traditional killing of lions in local cultures, mitigate human-lion conflict, address bushmeat poaching, and reduce levels of legal trophy hunting. 
Learn More About Project Leonardo
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Sport Beattie
Founder & CEO, Game Rangers International
Panthera is a much appreciated partner of GRI in Zambia. With its unmatched expertise in big cat conservation, our relationship with Panthera has enabled GRI to access the highest international standards of technical and scientific conservation support. Panthera field staff are engaged at all levels of our field operations and have constantly provided fundamental positive advice and contributions on a day-to-day basis.
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Tom Kaplan Talks Lion Conservation with CNN's Richard Quest
Ahead of the release of The Lion King remake, Panthera Chairman and Co-Founder Dr. Thomas S. Kaplan chatted all things lion with Richard Quest on CNN International’s ‘Quest Means Business’ program. Watch the interview to learn about the largely unknown conservation crisis facing Africa’s lions, Panthera’s partnership with Disney through the #ProtectThePride campaign, and some of our critical protective work and wins in Zambia and Namibia to protect the King of Beasts.

 

Watch the interview here.

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Carnivore distributions in Botswana are shaped by resource availability and intraguild species
Source: Journal of Zoology
Hugh Robinson Ph.D.
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Scientific Publications
2017-05-04 11:09:04
Relative Efforts of Countries to Conserve World’s Megafauna
Source: Global Ecology and Conservation
Philipp Henschel Ph.D., David Macdonald Ph.D., Lisanne Petracca MS
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Scientific Publications
2017-02-17 13:01:31
The Performance of African Protected Areas for Lions and Their Prey
Source: Biological Conservation
Alan Rabinowitz Ph.D., Luke Hunter Ph.D., Philipp Henschel Ph.D., David Macdonald Ph.D., Lisanne Petracca MS, Paul Funston Ph.D.
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Scientific Publications
2017-01-13 17:28:34
Conserving the world's megafauna and biodiversity: The fierce urgency of now
Source: BioScience
Luke Hunter Ph.D.
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Scientific Publications
2016-10-01 01:00:00
Population Estimates of Spotted Hyaenas in the Kruger National Park, South Africa
Source: African Journal of Wildlife Research
Paul Funston Ph.D.
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Scientific Publications
2016-09-16 01:00:00
Determinants of Distribution Patterns and Management Needs in a Critically Endangered Lion Panthera leo Population
Source: Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
Luke Hunter Ph.D., Philipp Henschel Ph.D., Lisanne Petracca MS, Hugh Robinson Ph.D.
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Scientific Publications
2016-08-06 01:00:00
Phylogeographic Patterns in Africa and High Resolution Delineation of Genetic Clades in the Lion (Panthera leo)
Source: Scientific Reports
Philipp Henschel Ph.D.
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Scientific Publications
2016-07-26 01:00:00
The Conservation Costs of Game Ranching
Source: Conservation Letters
Luke Hunter Ph.D., Guy Balme Ph.D., Ross Pitman Ph.D.
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Scientific Publications
2016-07-14 01:00:00
Aging traits and sustainable trophy hunting of African lions
Source: Biological Conservation
Guy Balme Ph.D., David Macdonald Ph.D., Craig Packer Ph.D., Paul Funston Ph.D., Jennie Miller Ph.D.
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Scientific Publications
2016-02-09 02:00:00
Evaluating habitat connectivity methodologies: a case study with endangered African wild dogs in South Africa
Source: Landscape Ecology
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Scientific Publications
2015-12-23 02:00:00
Fenced and Fragmented: Conservation Value of Managed Metapopulations
Source: PLoS ONE
Paul Funston Ph.D.
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Scientific Publications
2015-09-27 19:02:32
Lion (Panthera Leo) Populations Are Declining Rapidly Across Africa, Except in Intensively Managed Areas
Source: PNAS
Luke Hunter Ph.D., Philipp Henschel Ph.D., David Macdonald Ph.D., Craig Packer Ph.D., Paul Funston Ph.D.
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Scientific Publications
2015-07-31 21:00:00
Striking a Balance Between Long-term Research and Implementing Effective Conservation
Source: The Wild Felid Monitor
Luke Hunter Ph.D.
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Scientific Publications
2015-06-30 21:00:00
Ambiguity in Guideline Definitions Introduces Assessor Bias and Influences Consistency in IUCN Red List Status Assessments
Source: Frontiers
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Scientific Publications
2015-04-30 21:00:00
Collapse of the World’s Largest Herbivores
Source: Science Advances
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Scientific Publications
2013-12-31 21:00:00
The Lion in West Africa Is Critically Endangered
Source: PLoS ONE
Luke Hunter Ph.D., Philipp Henschel Ph.D., David Macdonald Ph.D.
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Scientific Publications
2013-07-31 21:00:00
Notes on the Distribution and Status of Small Carnivores in Gabon
Source: Small Carnivore Conservation Journal
Luke Hunter Ph.D., Philipp Henschel Ph.D.
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Scientific Publications
2013-07-31 21:00:00
Creating Larger and Better Connected Protected Areas Enhances the Persistence of Big Game Species in the Maputaland-Pondoland-Albany Biodiversity Hotspot
Source: PLoS ONE
Luke Hunter Ph.D., Guy Balme Ph.D.
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Scientific Publications
2013-02-28 21:00:00
Conserving Large Carnivores: Dollars and Fence
Source: Ecology Letters
Luke Hunter Ph.D., Guy Balme Ph.D., Tristan Dickerson, Craig Packer Ph.D.
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Scientific Publications
2013-01-31 21:00:00
The bushmeat trade in African savannas: Impacts, drivers, and potential solutions
Source: Biological Conservation
Guy Balme Ph.D., Philipp Henschel Ph.D.
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Scientific Publications
2012-12-31 21:00:00
Benefits of Wildlife-Based Land Uses on Private Lands in Namibia and Limitations Affecting their Development
Source: Oryx
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Scientific Publications
2012-11-30 21:00:00
Systematic Survey Efforts of the African Golden Cat – Part 2. Results from Uganda
Source: Cat News
Luke Hunter Ph.D.
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Scientific Publications
2012-11-30 21:00:00
Observations on a Captive African Golden Cat
Source: Cat News
Laila Bahaa-el-din
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Scientific Publications
2012-09-30 21:00:00
Illegal Hunting and the Bush-meat Trade in Savanna Africa: Drivers, Impacts & Solutions to Address the Problem
Source: Biological Conservation
Guy Balme Ph.D., Philipp Henschel Ph.D.
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Scientific Publications
2012-09-30 21:00:00
The Diet of Caracal, Caracal Caracal, in Two Areas of the Southern Cape, South Africa as Determined by Scat Analysis
Source: South African Journal of Wildlife Research
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Scientific Publications
2011-04-30 21:00:00
Attitudes Toward Predators and Options for Their Conservation in the Ewaso Ecosystem
Source: Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press
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Scientific Publications
2009-12-31 21:00:00
The Future of Wildlife-based Land Uses in Botswana
Source: Current Conservation
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Scientific Publications
2009-11-30 21:00:00
Substrate and Species Constraints on the Use of Track Incidences to Estimate African Large Carnivore Abundance
Source: Journal of Zoology
David Macdonald Ph.D., Craig Packer Ph.D., Paul Funston Ph.D., Sarah Durant Ph.D.
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Scientific Publications
2009-11-30 21:00:00
Dynamics and underlying causes of illegal bushmeat trade in Zimbabwe
Source: Oryx
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Scientific Publications
2009-09-30 21:00:00
Lindsey, P., Romanach, S., Tambling, C., Chartier, K. & Groom, R. 2009. Ecological and financial impacts of illegal bushmeat trade in Zimbabwe. Oryx, 45(1): 96-111.
Lindsey, P., Romanach, S., Tambling, C., Chartier, K. & Groom, R. 2009. Ecological and financial impacts of illegal bushmeat trade in Zimbabwe. Oryx, 45(1): 96-111.
Source: Oryx
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Scientific Publications
2009-05-31 21:00:00
Sport Hunting, Predator Control and Carnivore Conservation
Source: PLoS ONE
Luke Hunter Ph.D., Guy Balme Ph.D., Craig Packer Ph.D.
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Scientific Publications
2008-12-31 22:00:00
Evaluating Methods for Counting Cryptic Carnivores
Luke Hunter Ph.D., Guy Balme Ph.D.
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Scientific Publications
2008-09-30 21:00:00
Parallels between playbacks and Pleistocene tar seeps suggest sociality in an extinct sabretooth cat, Smilodon
Source: Biology Letters
Paul Funston Ph.D.
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Scientific Publications
2006-12-01 02:00:00
J.F. Kamler, H.T. Davies-Moster, L. Hunter, and D.W. Macdonald. 2007. Predation on black-backed jackals (Canis mesomelas) by African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus). African Journal of Ecology 45:667–668.
J.F. Kamler, H.T. Davies-Moster, L. Hunter, and D.W. Macdonald. 2007. Predation on black-backed jackals (Canis mesomelas) by African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus). African Journal of Ecology 45:667–...
Source: African Journal of Ecology
Luke Hunter Ph.D., David Macdonald Ph.D.
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Scientific Publications
2004-12-31 21:00:00
Setting Conservation and Research Priorities for Larger African Carnivores.
Source: Wildlife Conservation Society
Luke Hunter Ph.D.
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Scientific Publications
1998-12-01 02:00:00
Large Felid Restoration: Lessons from the Phinda Resource Reserve, South Africa, 1992-1999
Luke Hunter Ph.D.
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Scientific Publications
1996-12-31 21:00:00
Vigilance in African Ungulates: The Role of Predation Pressure.
Luke Hunter Ph.D.